Miranda trial essays

Miranda preliminary expositions On March 2,1963 it was an ordinary day at labor for eight-high schooler year old Rebecca Johnson. Rebecca had recently wrapped up her last obligations at the cinemas reward counter and left for the bus station around 11:30 PM. She got off the transport at 12:10 and started her short walk home. On her walk, a vehicle strongly pulled out of a garage and nearly hit her. A man leaped out of the vehicle and snatched her. The man tossed Rebecca in the rearward sitting arrangement of his vehicle and limited her options and feet along with rope. At that point he headed to the Arizona desert where he assaulted her. After two hours, the man returned Rebecca back to her neighborhood. She hustled home and mentioned to her sister what had simply occurred. She definite her night to the police moreover. Rebecca depicted the aggressor and his vehicle to the police. (3/7-11) From the start, the officials questioned whether Rebecca was coming clean since her announcements were here and there conflicting. On March 9, 1963 at about 11:45 PM, Rebeccas brother by marriage saw a vehicle coordinating his sisters depiction and he recorded the tag number. After four days, criminologists ran a keep an eye on the number that was providing for them by Rebeccas brother by marriage, which lead to a vehicle coordinating Rebeccas portrayal to be sure. The proprietor of the vehicle, Ernesto Miranda was arrested. That equivalent day, at the police headquarters, Rebecca selected Miranda from a setup. Subsequent to being picked, Ernesto was sent to the cross examination room where Officer Cooley and Officer Young started addressing Miranda. (3/11-13) In the room, Ernesto was not informed that he reserved the option to a lawyer; and there is debate with regards to whether he was advised he reserved the option to stay quiet. Following a few hours of addressing, Miranda marked an admission. In June 1963, the preliminary on account of the territory of Arizona v. Ernesto Miranda got going in an Arizona State Court. Mirandas legal counselor was seventy-multi year old Alvin Moore, whom w... <!

The Repercussions of Bravery in the Epic Poem Beow Essay Example For Students

The Repercussions of Bravery in the Epic Poem Beow Essay ulf All through this paper I intend to analyze the positive and negative repercussions of valiance in the epic sonnet Beowulf. I will show how the outcomes of boldness were advantageous in this epic. I will likewise exhibit how dauntlessness didn't generally prompt a hopeful result. The individual who exhibited the most dauntlessness all through this epic was clearly the primary character, Beowulf. All through the range of his lifetime he turned out to be well prestige for his grit, yet because of his courage his life is lost in fight. We will compose a custom paper on The Repercussions of Bravery in the Epic Poem Beow explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now The most evident positive repercussion of fortitude would be distinction. Through Beowulfs fortitude and his capacity to win fights he earned a lot of popularity. Fighters and narrators the same told stories of Beowulfs courageous deeds. On pg. 121 there are Geats talking about Beowulf, and they essentially summarize the notoriety of Beowulfs among the normal individual. Telling their distress, recounting accounts of their dead lord and his enormity, his greatness, adulating him for chivalrous deeds, for a real existence as respectable as his name. Another positive repercussion of fortitude is riches. In this epic riches would incorporate land, cash, and above all for a warrior, affected reinforcement and weapon. In this epic officers can gain riches by showing dauntlessness on the war zone (or any place else they might be engaging). One case of this is after Efor and Wulf slaughter Ongetho, the Swedish lord. The section read, Efor and Wulf would have treasure stored in their fight hard hands; hed reimburse them their dauntlessness with riches, give them gold and grounds and silver rings, with rich compensations for the brilliant deeds theyd finished with their blades. Beowulf earned a lot of riches in the entirety of his days too. As a warrior he increased a lot of fortune, land, and fight gear. One other positive repercussion of courage is that force might be accomplished through it. He would accomplish this force from multiple points of view. Most importantly, he would have riches. Since riches is basically influence he would have just accomplished the vast majority of his influence. Next, since he is renowned. Distinction is power too. This is the reason Beowulf had the alternative of turning out to be ruler rather than Higlacs beneficiary, since Beowulf had an unquestionably decent notoriety in fight. This is appeared on page 97. The section state, Higlacs widow presented to him the crown, offered him the realm, not trusting Herdred, her child and Higlacs, to beat remote intruders. A negative repercussion of boldness in this epic is that because of Beowulfs fortitude and acclaim he gets all the aggressors far from the Geats. This doesnt sound like a negative repercussion, yet over the long haul it is. After Beowulf bites the dust he leave the Wiglaf to take over for him. This is a challenging task since all the individuals that needed to assault the Geats previously (when Beowulf was above all else) will currently feel like they can assault once more. They will most likely be really distraught too, on the grounds that theyve been compelled to stand by so long to assault. On page 117 the sentiments of some Geats are uncovered. They state that, As soon as theyve figured out how our ruler is dead, realize that the Geats are leaderless, have lost the best of lords, Beowulf-he who held our adversaries away, kept land and fortune flawless, who spared Hrothgar and the Danes-he who carried on with as long as he can remember valiantly. The last antagonistic repercussion of courage in this epic is that it can settle on individuals settle on impulsive choices. This is exhibited with Beowulf. He could have stayed, and let the mythical serpent return to rest, rather he headed out to battle the monster. So he showed his boldness yet once again. I accept the familiar aphorism live by the blade, kick the bucket by the blade would apply for this situation. Beowulf was constantly fearless; his valiance consistently brought him popularity or riches. This time be that as it may, Beowulf bites the dust boldly. .ufca2bfe52624aa392b8b12651b7b3fd9 , .ufca2bfe52624aa392b8b12651b7b3fd9 .postImageUrl , .ufca2bfe52624aa392b8b12651b7b3fd9 .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .ufca2bfe52624aa392b8b12651b7b3fd9 , .ufca2bfe52624aa392b8b12651b7b3fd9:hover , .ufca2bfe52624aa392b8b12651b7b3fd9:visited , .ufca2bfe52624aa392b8b12651b7b3fd9:active { border:0!important; } .ufca2bfe52624aa392b8b12651b7b3fd9 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ufca2bfe52624aa392b8b12651b7b3fd9 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ufca2bfe52624aa392b8b12651b7b3fd9:active , .ufca2bfe52624aa392b8b12651b7b3fd9:hover { darkness: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ufca2bfe52624aa392b8b12651b7b3fd9 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relative; } .ufca2bfe52624aa392b8b12651b7b3fd9 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content adornment: underline; } .ufca2bfe52624aa392b8b12651b7b3fd9 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ufca2bfe52624aa392b8b12651b7b3fd9 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt range: 3px; content adjust: focus; content beautification: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufca2bfe52624aa392b8b12651b7b3fd9:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u fca2bfe52624aa392b8b12651b7b3fd9 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ufca2bfe52624aa392b8b12651b7b3fd9-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ufca2bfe52624aa392b8b12651b7b3fd9:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Patricide Essay As Beowulf said to Wiglaf on page 110 as he was kicking the bucket, Youre the remainder of all our distant, destiny has cleared our race away. Taken warriors in their quality and drove them to the passing that was pausing. Furthermore, Now I tail them. Taking everything into account I accept that in the epic sonnet, Beowulf, courage has .

And its all beginning

And it’s all beginning… Back in Massachusetts! And Rush stuff is starting! *excited* Theres building in the courtyard. Ill take pictures as soon as I replace the batteries in my camera. Rush REX officially is seriously one of the best times of the year. This will, of course, be my third Ive had one from the freshman point of view and one from the upperclassman point of view. I want to see it work the way its supposed to, so, if youre an incoming frosh, remember, take it seriously and go look at places! I dont care how much you like your temp assignment. Im sure Mollie, whos a former Rush chair for MacGregor, agrees with me. One question I hear versions of a lot from new frosh, is I love my temp living group and am intending to stay there. What value is there for me in looking at different living groups? Well, first of all, thats not exactly fair to FSILGs, as you dont get temped in them, but that comes later. Plus, most frosh who are interested in FSILGs dont have a hard time understanding why they should look around. From a dorm perspective, its all very well that youve found something you like so quickly, and maybe it is the best place for you, but its important to make an informed decision about it. An informed decision is not watching all the i3 videos, an informed decision is actually interacting with the people and culture of the places in real life and real time. And once you have a permanent living group, an informed decision will allow you to make a stronger contribution to it. Let me try an analogy I used recently with a friend. Im still not sure if it works but he seemed to appreciate it. Politically speaking, Im pretty liberal. However, I come from a pretty conservative region of the country (the South). Because I was surrounded by conservatives, I couldnt just take liberal views for granted. I had to learn about both sides, understand the conservative arguments, and actively decide to reject them. Actively, as opposed to passively, is the key word there. I had to build my own beliefs and justifications based on what Id learned. And I think this made them stronger. By contrast, I occasionally come across people who have never lived anywhere but liberal areas, and who dont expose themselves to serious conservative arguments (through, say, reading material). In fact, they try to avoid seeking these out because they know which side is right and dont feel the need to justify it. Theyve derived their arguments almost entirely from those of the liberals surrounding them. The result is people who argue primarily in cliches and soundbites. Youve seen them, or if you live in a conservative area youve seen their conservative equivalent. Their views are stagnant, and they dont truly contribute to their own school of thought, they just repeat a diluted version of what was handed to them. (Note: Im not saying this is true of all or most liberals in liberal areas, just that its easier to fall into this trap in such conditions) Now lets apply this to living group selection, and living group culture. If you dont look around at different dorms and halls, you may like what you have, but youve gotten there in a passive way, by taking what was given to you instead of understanding your options and actively rejecting the other ones. So you dont really know whats special about your own place, you dont have any valid images with which to contrast it, and you have an incomplete and cliched understanding of your own culture. And when you try to contribute toward it with this deficient understanding, and with knowledge that was handed to you instead of that which you found for yourself, your living group will become more diluted, unoriginal, cliched. Your culture becomes wankery rather than culture. I think the vast majority of MIT students are smart enough not to fall for the politics part of this analogy. And most MIT students understand the importance of active understanding, the search for knowledge, discovery. So why wouldnt you apply that to the place where you live? Oh yeah, and regardless of where youre temped, you should come by and ride our homemade roller coaster, and all the other Fun Courtyard Things that I hear being built outside. Itll be great!

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Marriage An Important Part Of The Indian Culture

Marriage The traditional arranged marriage has long been an important part of the Indian culture. In early days, marrying in the cast was very important. You weren’t allowed to marry anyone from different cast. Marriage in the Indian society is considered so auspicious that not just the day, but also the time of the marriage is fixed as per the ‘Kundalis’ (astrological charts) of both the bride and the groom. Even in twenty-first century people still believes in matching ‘Kundalis’. They believe that, without a match, marriage will not be successful. I have never believed in that, but there are many stories behind it, which make me, think sometimes. Dowry, the amount bride’s family must pay at the time or before wedding. It is worst part of the marriage. I even heard from my grandparents, in old days, when bride’s family no longer meets the demand from groom’s family; brides are punished by burning them alive or torturing them. It is the most heart breaking; when I think about it, brings tears in my eyes. When my grandparents got married, they were clueless about each other; at that time, everything being fixed by family members. Bride and groom saw each other at their wedding. It was very interesting when I heard this story from my grandmother. When I asked her if she was happy, she said ‘I fall in love with your grandfather after marriage; he and his family became my life’. There were so many questions comes to my mind, when I think about arrange marriage. For instant,Show MoreRelatedEmerging Dulthood784 Words   |  4 PagesEmerging adulthood and culture Class: Lifespan Development Name: Grishma Patel Week four assignment Meaning of Emerging Adulthood Emerging adulthood is the period of life from about age 18 through age 25, during which young people are exploring the possibilities of their lives and beginning to define themselves as adults, rather than teenagers. They shared the perception of â€Å"feeling in between† – knowing they were pulling clear of the struggles of adolescence and starting to feel responsibleRead MoreMy Experience With A Pakistani Wedding1515 Words   |  7 Pages I come from a purely Indian background, my family used to live in Gujrat before they moved here 20 years ago and I have grown up with values of both the Indian and American culture. Throughout my life, I have attended many Indian weddings which are filled with traditional customs and ceremonies and last as long as five days. This wedding however, was the first Pakistani wedding I have attended. My friend had told me earlier that the couple were having an arranged marriage and so I had made it myRead MoreEssay Differences Between Ind ian and American Culture1472 Words   |  6 Pages AMERICAN CULTURE VS INDIAN CULTURE Cultural comparison (West vs East) â€Æ' Everybody has their own definition of Culture – and when this word is used generally, most audiences have a rough idea of its meaning. Culture usually refers to the beliefs, ideas, languages, rituals and traditions by certain communities, that are passed from generation to generations continuously over the past many centuries. In society, two cultures cannot be same if one is located on the west coast and the other one isRead MoreAn Insight Into Contemporary British And Indian Societies980 Words   |  4 Pagescontemporary Britain and one other society, explain ways in which the societies are held together through common cultures but are also unequal and divided. This essay will demonstrate some key concepts in sociology by providing an insight into how contemporary British and Indian societies have held together through common cultures but are unequal and divided. It will explain how shared culture, social organisation, values and norms between the two societies may help produce stability and conformity withinRead MoreMarriage Is The Highlight Of Many Peoples Lives Both Women1636 Words   |  7 PagesMarriage is the highlight of many peoples lives both women and men alike. The American dream is to have a career, house, and getting married is usually at the bottom of the list, unfortunately is least properly planned. In other countries, particularly India, marriage is looked is way more significant than any other place, it is something that is deeply rooted in the culture there. American marriages are straying away from the traditional and religious role of marriage, where in some marriages hereRead MoreA Brief Note On The Movement And Excha nge Of Goods, Services And Ideas1471 Words   |  6 PagesGlobalism is the movement and exchange of goods, services and ideas between different parts of the world. It is a term used to describe the process going on in the world in which people from all over the world are unified into a single society and function together. This term is often used to refer to economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology. GlobalismRead More Indian Culture And How It Translates to America Essay1506 Words   |  7 Pageshas a vast array of religions and languages with Hindi being the most popular. The Hindu culture is a culture of love, respect, honoring others and humbling ones own ego so that the inner nature, which is naturally pure and modest, will shine forth (Mailerindia Infotek Limited). Hindi is a kind and peaceful religion. It is only fitting to comb ine a temperate religion with a humble society of people. Indians were raised to treat their elders with respect and to always be humble to guests. StrangersRead MoreAnalysis of Ramon Gutierrez Novel: When Jesus Came, the Corn Mothers Went Away852 Words   |  3 Pages The Spaniards had difficulty submitting the Pueblo Indians, living in New Mexico however it was not an easy task. In addition, the Pueblo Indians are faced with another intruder the Franciscans who claim will save the natives’ souls. This book shows the native perspective and their social lives before and after the Spaniards intrusion into New Mexico. These intruders, the Spaniards and Franciscans, forcibly alter the natives’ culture, marriage, and sexuality, claiming to civilize these savages.Read MoreIndian Culture979 Words   |  4 PagesIndian Culture Abstract India is located in continent Asia. It is Federal republic government. Its official language is Hindi and there are 14 other languages e.g. Bengali, Telugu, Marathi, Tamil, Urdu and Punjabi. The major religion that is follow by majority of people is Hinduism. In India people speaks different languages, dress differently, follow different religions, eat different food but they all have the same nature. WhetherRead MoreJapanese and Indian Cultures1065 Words   |  5 PagesJapanese and Indian Cultures Sample Student ANT 101 November 16, 2009 Japanese and India Cultures All countries in the world are unique and differ greatly from one another. Even though, they have many differences, they still have many things in common. 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Children and Technology Free Essays

Ashraf Islam Okanagan College English 100-003 6 February 2013 Children and Technology Since the early Twenty First Century, there has been vast advancement in technology, particularly in the field of computers that are developing faster than even the blinking of our eyes. Simultaneously, technology has become a vital part of our daily lives. Most of our activities are the part and product of technology; starting from the way we receive our news through various websites and digital newspapers, paying bills online, sending and receiving email, and finding research information all on the Internet. We will write a custom essay sample on Children and Technology or any similar topic only for you Order Now More than 500 million people communicate and keep in touch with friends through online social networking (Hatch). As adults became increasingly more dependent and absorbed by technology, it is likely that the children of today have become enthusiastic users as well. Laptops and smart phones are being developed for children as young as five to ten years old. Since the minds of the children are complex and insensitive, there is indeed anxiety among many adults about how these technologies can bring about changes in children’s social life. As Hutchby and Ellis said â€Å"both ‘childhood’ and ‘technology’ to be accorded an unproblematic status, each treated as having a stable and self-evident existence as there is a straightforward impact of one upon another†(1). Specifically, children’s engagement with internet social sites and violent games has generated considerable concern and additionally mass media observations and discussion. There is an obvious argument that children’s exposure to these technologies will help them to cope with future challenges that they will no doubt encounter in their careers. While on the other hand, it is argued that children who are using technology are becoming more indolent, unappreciative and more prone to health related problem. Nonetheless, access to certain technology under proper guidance is a critical component for today’s children not only to gain a better grasp of modern education thereby preparing them for the future challenge but also to improve their social development and health. In the absence of proper technological knowledge, Children will not learn the skills that will essentially help them to compete in today’s world that is progressively more relying on new technological inventions. There have been several studies on the positive impact that technology has on children in the field of education. It has been observed that introducing SMART board technology in the classroom can act as catalyst to increase students’ motivation and to enhance communication between teachers and students. According to the result of a 40-year retrospective study done by Concordia University in Canada, introducing technology in the class does have a positive impact on younger minds. Newer and more sophisticated applications of technology produce even greater positive impact; iPads, for instance, enable portable creativity and make education fun, which is always a good sign (Techvibe). Professor Richard Schmid, chairman of the education department at Concordia said â€Å"Where technology does have a positive impact is when it actively engages students, when it’s used as a communication tool, when it’s used for things like simulations or games that enable students to actively manipulate the environment†(Techvibes). According to Dr. Joseph J. Kerski, who is an  Education Industry Curriculum Development Manager on the Education Team in Denver, Colorado, USA (Esri), implementation of the Geographic Information System (GIS) software in over 1,000 high schools across the nation has significantly increased students’ motivation, communication and learning, especially on the part of visual and non-traditional learners. Technology prepares students at a young age for the workforce. This skill is becoming more and more of a vital in our technically advanced society. According to the US Department of Commerce, sixty percent of jobs today require technological skills, and this is expected to increase to ninety percent in the next fifty years (Hatch). Today’s parents are more concerned about the emerging social networking sites that are occupying the minds of most of the children of this generation. Children getting expose to uncensored materials and sensitive issues on the internet and cases like online bulling and harassment which can cause devastated situation like committing suicide are likely to create such fear around them. However, new research in this regard has discovered that technology can actually act as a new medium for children to increase and maintain a good social connection among their relatives and friends. It can provide a virtual platform to shape their identity by demonstrating their knowledge and creativity. Sites like Facebook, Tweeter, MySpace, YouTube and Skype have become children’s new virtual park where they can make new friends, play games with each other and create new pages or videos to share their ideas and perception. In general, these social sites have become a way for people of all ages to connect and keep in touch with people they already know, instead of forming bonds with new people. This medium is also helping them to involuntarily improving their technological abilities by exposing them to various skills like communication, typing speed, hand and eye coordination, basic software knowledge and gathering information for research. Over use of these mediums can always be monitored and controlled by parents if they are concern about their children. Larry D. Rosen, PhD, Professor of Psychology at California State University, Dominguez Hills, who did a research on the impact of social networking sites on children, said â€Å"Parents are encouraged to assess their child’s activities on social networking sites, and discuss removing inappropriate content or connections to people who appear problematic. Parents also need to pay attention to the online trends and the latest technologies; websites and applications children are using (APA). It’s undeniable that these social media have changed the landscape of the socializing process especially among the young people and uses of these are likely to increase more in coming years. â€Å"Exergaming† technologies like Kinect and Nintando Wii that require players to perform physical activities in order to play a game have become popular in recent years not only among the children but also adults. Unlike traditional video games, which are more sedentary based, this new gaming technology requires lot of physical movement to win. Well known of these games are Wii Sports, in which children and adults can play virtual games, such as tennis and baseball, and Just Dance! for the Kinnect. A game highly geared toward exercise is Wii Fit Plus, which includes activities for yoga, aerobics, and balance improvement; it also allows users to chart their progress and see how well they are improving (Hatch). It also helps parents to spend some time with their children which are also an essential part of their social development. Even though exergames should not replace real life exercising, this new gaming technology is proven to be a new way to motivate children to do exercise more frequently producing a positive effects on health and fitness (FITDAY). With growing concern about children suffering from obesities, it is noteworthy that exergaming can significantly help by burning off some calories resulting in weight loss thereby improving body coordination and movements. Technology has become an integral part of our lives and society and it is likely to be there with us for the rest our lives. It will be ever evolving and advanced and keeping up and staying will be the challenge. Since everything in this world is some way or the other connected to technologies, considering technology a hindrance for today’s children is impractical notion. Indeed, technologies can have negative impacts but good parenting and proper guidance by teachers can help the children to gain the benefits out of the technologies around them. Since the children of this generation will be valuable resource for the future, proper use of technologies and getting the maximum benefits out these to prepare them for the future should be an important priority for all of us. Works Cited â€Å"Social Networking’s Good and Bad Impacts on Kids† American Psychological Association. American Psychological Association, 6 August. 2011. Web. 15 Feb 2013. â€Å"The Benefits of Exergaming for Kids† FITDAY. InternetBrands, n. d. Web. 15 Feb. 2013. â€Å"The Esri Education Team† Esri. Esri Headquarters,n. d. Web. 15 Feb. 2013. Hatch, Kristina E.. Determining the Effects of Technology on Children† (2011). Senior Honors Projects. Paper 260. http://digitalcommons. uri. edu/srhonorsprog/260 Knowlton Thomas. â€Å"Does Technology Have a Positive Overall Effect on Classroom Learning? Canadian Study Says Yes† Techvibe. Techvibes Media Inc. , 23 Feb. 2012. Web. 15 Feb. 2013. Mizen Phil ,  Ian Hutchby,  Jo M oran-Ellis,  Christopher John Pole,  Angela J. Bolton, ed(s). Children, Technology, and Culture: The Impacts of Technologies in Children’s Everyday Lives The Future of Childhood Series (illustrated). London: Routledge, 2001. Web How to cite Children and Technology, Essay examples

Love And Frienship Book English Literature Essay Essay Example Essay Example

Love And Frienship Book English Literature Essay Essay Example Paper Love And Frienship Book English Literature Essay Introduction Once I finished of reading the books was really hard for me choose a subject to compose, notwithstanding the first things that came to my head was the frienship and love that are two of the chief facets of each books because without it both books might hold really different narratives unlike the original 1s in whom friendly relationship and love are the cardinal factors in the development of each narrative. But what is friendship? , the most acceoted reply is the 1 that appears in the lexicons and said that friendly relationship is the supportive and concerted relationship between people and involves that each portion has a common regard and respect toward the other. This natural relationship appear either in the Great Gatsby or the Motorcycle journals, but the friendly relationship is shown in different signifiers in each book because in the Great Gatsby the frienship did non look at the begiing of the narrative, due to Nick Carraway knew Gatsby subsequently in the book, but in the Motorcycle diaries the frienship appears since the book start when Ernesto andhis friend Alberto Granado decided to do a trip for Latin America. Love And Frienship Book English Literature Essay Body Paragraphs In the Motorcycle journals appears several demostrations of friendly relationship as is shown when Ernesto got the Flu and he felt realy bad, but when he was able to travell in the motorcycle Alberto took hom to the nearest infirmary that was in the town of Choele Choel ; that accion clearly demostrate that Alberto follow in some manner what Edward W. Howe said â€Å" When a friend is in problem, do n’t rag him by inquiring if there is anything you can make. Think up something appropriate and do it † . ( 1911 ) . That stament shows what is expected that a friend must make, because a true friend is non the 1 that is with you merely when you are all right, a true friend is the 1 that is with you besides when you have some jobs, when you fell sad, when you are ill, the individual that ever say to you camon! You can make it! , that individual is a true friend as is the instance of Alberto. The relationship between Ernesto and Alberto could be classified as â€Å" best frie nds † due to a trip as the 1 that they made you merely could believe in make it with a really close friend because when you think in the possibles problems of challenges that you could happen during your trip, you know that you can number with your friend to assist you, because that is the nature of the friendly relationship the common preocupation, the invariably thought of that your friend be good, things like these the bases of the human relationships as Cicero said â€Å" Friendship make prosperity more shining and lessens hardship by spliting and sharing it. â€Å" ( 44 B.C ) , In the Great Gatsby friendly relationship is non every bit much of import as love but if the friendly relationship were non present actions as the reunion of Gatsby and Deisy could non be possible, this is shown when Gatsby asked Nick if he could set up a meeting with Deisy, but she do non hold to cognize that he will be at that place and Nick accepted to make it, that show that a friend ever wan ts the best for his/her friend. This is demostrate when Gatsby died in his funeral merely was hisa few people at that place, it was a really different scenery that Nick had imagine, because he thought that GatsbyA?s funeral was full of people due to the fact, that ever in his partys ever were present a batch of people, but it was non in that manner. That shows that money is non of import in friendly relationship because a true friend as I said earlier is non with you because you have some money or you are all right, he or she is with you because you are of import for he or she and you could be really dissatisfactory for you to turn out it for case if you have some â€Å" friends † with you merely because you have some money and when you run out of money they gone, until that go on you are traveling to cognize really who are you existent friends. Another impotant facet in both books is the â€Å" love † that in the instance of the Great Gatsby is the ground of why Gatsb y act in that manner, as is show in this portion of the text: A A A A † I think he half expected her to roll into one of his parties, some â€Å" You see, when we left New York she was really nervous and she thought it would dark, † went on Jordan, â€Å" but she ne’er did.A Then he began inquiring people casually if they knew her, and I was the first 1 he found.A It was that dark he sent for me at his dance, and you should hold heard the luxuriant manner he worked up to it.A Of class, I instantly suggested a tiffin in New York. † ( Fitzgerald, 1925, page 38 ) . Gatsby had bought his house and had that pretentious life, because he wanted to catch the attending of Daisy due to he thought that if he acted in that manner it was easier for him being an good lucifer for her, but that was non at all a right pick that Gatsby made, because money is non a factor that facilitates the things in the love, because love is a thing or a feeling that you can non purchase with money, it is something that you have to contend ( being literary ) for it, you have to construct it with litle actions every twenty-four hours. However why Gatsby ne’er try to being closer to Deisy before he was rich? , the most likely reply is related once more with the money, he did non hold the adequate bravery to seek to won the bosom of Deisy, because he believed that if he had the money it would be easier for him. But what we are able to make for love? , some people said that we are able to make anything for love, another say that without love our life it doen non has significance in GatsbyA?s narrative is demostrated in many parts of the narrative one illustration could be the Gatsby attitudes his epicurean life but notwithstanding the most clear illustration is when Deisy ran over Myrtle Wilson and Gastby decided to take the incrimination of that: â€Å" You see, when we left New York she was really nervous and she thought it would calm her to drive-and this adu lt female rushed out at us merely as we were go throughing a auto coming the other way.A It all happened in a minute, but it seemed to me that she wanted to talk to us, thought we were person she knew.A Well, first Daisy turned off from the adult female toward the other auto, and so she lost her nervus and turned back.A The 2nd my manus reached the wheel I felt the shock-it must hold killed her immediately. † ( Fitzgerald,1925, page 73 ) That decition of Gatsby subsequently decided his fate in this instance he was murdered by the Myrtle hubby George Wilson, this in some manner reflect what Nietzsche said in his book â€Å" On reading and composing † : â€Å" There is ever some lunacy in love. But there is besides ever some ground in lunacy † , this phrase reflect in some manner what was environing GatsbyA?s head in that minute because he merely wanted that nil bad happen to Deisy, and that is oneof the points that love portion with frienship, you ever want the be tter for your friend or love. In the Motorcycle journals besides appears love but in different signifiers, because Ernesto loves Chichina, this relationship could even do that Ernesto stay in Miramar with his girlfriend as is shown when they stay at that place, as Ernesto said: Alberto saw the possible danger of being entirely in the roads of America, but besides Ernesto showed a immense love to his female parent for this ground he invariably wrote letters to her in wich he told her what had happen during his trip for illustration: â€Å" We will go forth for Bariloche on two or three yearss and intend to go at a easy gait. . Sends tonss of love to everyone and do certain you tell me whethe or non Papi is in the South. A loving clinch from your son. † . ( Guevara,2004, page 51 ) In that illustration ei clearly shown that it does non count how old are us we ever have in head an strong feeling to our relations but in particular toward our female parent. Now what is the relation ship between love and frienship? , what they have in common? And what are the differences between them? . Love and frienship portion something that is the importance that you assing to a individual that means that in the universe there 1000000s of people and if we nover assing an importance to a individual, they ever are traveling to be merely another people, but when you assing an particular importance to a individual in that minute that individual is non any longer merely another common individual, he or she in that minute he or she turns into an speciall one for you that could be your friend or your love. As is said in the â€Å" principito † : â€Å" Not at all, you are like my rose. No 1 has tamed you and you have tamed no 1. That was my fox before, like a hundred 1000 others. When he bacame my friend, is now alone in the universe. † ( de Saint-Exupery, 1943 ) , Love and friendly relationship are non the same thing, friendly relationship does non necessitate farth er account of your actions to your friends and the key to keep it is love, but friendship respects the physical, that ‘s the chief difference with love, because when relayed the physical barrier regard is concsider as love ( physical regard does non merely is related to sex ) . Another difference is that you have a loving relationship with a individual individual that ever is following to you alternatively of that friendly relationship in which you can hold several people as friends. Another difference is that friendly relationship can besides be atach to the relation that people stablish with some animate beings, as a clear illustration is the relation that each individual that have a Canis familiaris stablish, because the love appears as tha base of that relationship, because each portion ever wants the best for the other. After stablish the differences and the similarities between love and frienship it is easier to calculate out wthat is the relation between them, fundament ally love is the base of the friendly relationship, but when love go beyond the friendly relationship in that minute love emerges, as the consequence of a friendly relationship in wich both had noticed that they could be something more than merely friends. When I choose these subject I thought that there are no much to compose about it but when I went deeper in both books i realized that these subjects were an essencial portion of the development of each other, and without them both narratives might hold a really different significance. Furthermore I could larn more about the differences, similarities and the relation between love and frienship, so as is shown the both books love and friendly relationship are feelings that must be present in each individual, because without them life does non has sense, as was they instance of Gatsby before he run into once more woth Deisy, he merely seek to catch the attending of her with his money, but it was non successful until he became friend of Nick and he helped him to be once more with Deisy ; this simple action of Nick shows that a friend ever want the best for the 1s that he love. So what is the relation between love an frienship the relation between them it is basicaly that one ( love ) is the base of the other ( frienship ) , but when the people go beyond that the love of friends so emerges the romantic love that is one of the purest feeling among human existences, and that sort of love is the ona that allow us to be here because were the consequence of it. We will write a custom essay sample on Love And Frienship Book English Literature Essay Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Love And Frienship Book English Literature Essay Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Love And Frienship Book English Literature Essay Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Improve Your Writing Income with These Five Golden Options

Improve Your Writing Income with These Five Golden Options If you dabble in anything writing, you know it shares a similarity  to any ordinary business seasons. Businesses experience boom or recession;  writers experience feast or famine. To escape this cycle, writers capitalize in two ways: finding retainer clients and collecting a plethora of clients. But do you know there are other options that can help beat the challenges of seasons? Here are six alternative revenue sources to engage in as a writer. 1. Social media management Social media management may involve writing social media teasers to jazz up social content. It is also about managing/moderating social media groups or pages through writing or sharing social posts, commenting, and interacting with the audience for clients with a large social following. Have an idea/expertise on how to run a social media page successfully or how to deal with influencers? Share your credentials on  Social Media Manager Pro Directory,  AngelList,  Indeed, or  LinkedIn  to find assignments suitable with this skill set. 2. Content pruning/editing/author website manager Content pruning seeks to eliminate or update non-performing content and duplicated pieces that have lost meaning or weigh  down a site. The aim is to improve a sites health, search, and SEO ranking. Website managers write the metadata for webpages and blog entries: writing subject lines/ headlines, uploading pieces to CMS, providing quality, licensed images and videos, and engaging blog readers They also edit ebooks, webinar, courses, novels, manuscripts, and articles submitted To land assignments of these types, check out  Reedsy,  Scribophile,  Scribendi,  Servicescape, and  Book-Editing.com. Other places to find editorial appointments are on professional editorial directories like  Society for Editors and Proofreaders  (SfEP) and  Editorial Freelancers Association  (EFA). 3. Email writing and marketing campaign Email writing is yet another avenue you can explore, separate from article writing. With its low barrier to entry, email marketing/writing generates a higher ROI compared to article writing while remaining as the best method to promote solutions to an audience. Places to find email writing assignments are  Reedsy,  Indeed,  LinkedIn, and  ZipRecruiter. 4. Writing contests, personal essays and poetry Many freelance writers never think of adding writing contest or poems to  their portfolios. To find yearly writing contest and poems, visit  Sapiens Plurum,  The Smart Set,  32poems,  The  Poetry Foundation,  Rattle,  American Poetry Review,  The New Yorker, and  The Paris Review. For short stories, you can view guidelines at  StoryMagazine.org,  The Atlantic,  The New Yorker, and  The Threepenny Review. 5. Writing a

Improve Your Writing Income with These Five Golden Options

Improve Your Writing Income with These Five Golden Options If you dabble in anything writing, you know it shares a similarity  to any ordinary business seasons. Businesses experience boom or recession;  writers experience feast or famine. To escape this cycle, writers capitalize in two ways: finding retainer clients and collecting a plethora of clients. But do you know there are other options that can help beat the challenges of seasons? Here are six alternative revenue sources to engage in as a writer. 1. Social media management Social media management may involve writing social media teasers to jazz up social content. It is also about managing/moderating social media groups or pages through writing or sharing social posts, commenting, and interacting with the audience for clients with a large social following. Have an idea/expertise on how to run a social media page successfully or how to deal with influencers? Share your credentials on  Social Media Manager Pro Directory,  AngelList,  Indeed, or  LinkedIn  to find assignments suitable with this skill set. 2. Content pruning/editing/author website manager Content pruning seeks to eliminate or update non-performing content and duplicated pieces that have lost meaning or weigh  down a site. The aim is to improve a sites health, search, and SEO ranking. Website managers write the metadata for webpages and blog entries: writing subject lines/ headlines, uploading pieces to CMS, providing quality, licensed images and videos, and engaging blog readers They also edit ebooks, webinar, courses, novels, manuscripts, and articles submitted To land assignments of these types, check out  Reedsy,  Scribophile,  Scribendi,  Servicescape, and  Book-Editing.com. Other places to find editorial appointments are on professional editorial directories like  Society for Editors and Proofreaders  (SfEP) and  Editorial Freelancers Association  (EFA). 3. Email writing and marketing campaign Email writing is yet another avenue you can explore, separate from article writing. With its low barrier to entry, email marketing/writing generates a higher ROI compared to article writing while remaining as the best method to promote solutions to an audience. Places to find email writing assignments are  Reedsy,  Indeed,  LinkedIn, and  ZipRecruiter. 4. Writing contests, personal essays and poetry Many freelance writers never think of adding writing contest or poems to  their portfolios. To find yearly writing contest and poems, visit  Sapiens Plurum,  The Smart Set,  32poems,  The  Poetry Foundation,  Rattle,  American Poetry Review,  The New Yorker, and  The Paris Review. For short stories, you can view guidelines at  StoryMagazine.org,  The Atlantic,  The New Yorker, and  The Threepenny Review. 5. Writing a

Improve Your Writing Income with These Five Golden Options

Improve Your Writing Income with These Five Golden Options If you dabble in anything writing, you know it shares a similarity  to any ordinary business seasons. Businesses experience boom or recession;  writers experience feast or famine. To escape this cycle, writers capitalize in two ways: finding retainer clients and collecting a plethora of clients. But do you know there are other options that can help beat the challenges of seasons? Here are six alternative revenue sources to engage in as a writer. 1. Social media management Social media management may involve writing social media teasers to jazz up social content. It is also about managing/moderating social media groups or pages through writing or sharing social posts, commenting, and interacting with the audience for clients with a large social following. Have an idea/expertise on how to run a social media page successfully or how to deal with influencers? Share your credentials on  Social Media Manager Pro Directory,  AngelList,  Indeed, or  LinkedIn  to find assignments suitable with this skill set. 2. Content pruning/editing/author website manager Content pruning seeks to eliminate or update non-performing content and duplicated pieces that have lost meaning or weigh  down a site. The aim is to improve a sites health, search, and SEO ranking. Website managers write the metadata for webpages and blog entries: writing subject lines/ headlines, uploading pieces to CMS, providing quality, licensed images and videos, and engaging blog readers They also edit ebooks, webinar, courses, novels, manuscripts, and articles submitted To land assignments of these types, check out  Reedsy,  Scribophile,  Scribendi,  Servicescape, and  Book-Editing.com. Other places to find editorial appointments are on professional editorial directories like  Society for Editors and Proofreaders  (SfEP) and  Editorial Freelancers Association  (EFA). 3. Email writing and marketing campaign Email writing is yet another avenue you can explore, separate from article writing. With its low barrier to entry, email marketing/writing generates a higher ROI compared to article writing while remaining as the best method to promote solutions to an audience. Places to find email writing assignments are  Reedsy,  Indeed,  LinkedIn, and  ZipRecruiter. 4. Writing contests, personal essays and poetry Many freelance writers never think of adding writing contest or poems to  their portfolios. To find yearly writing contest and poems, visit  Sapiens Plurum,  The Smart Set,  32poems,  The  Poetry Foundation,  Rattle,  American Poetry Review,  The New Yorker, and  The Paris Review. For short stories, you can view guidelines at  StoryMagazine.org,  The Atlantic,  The New Yorker, and  The Threepenny Review. 5. Writing a

Delete Questions in ACT English 6 Strategies

Add/Delete Questions in ACT English 6 Strategies SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Brace yourself for some more ACT English fun. Add/Delete questions are a common type of rhetorical skills question on the ACT English section. These questions ask whether you should add or delete a sentence or phrase within a passage. They test your reading comprehension and ability to analyze sentences within a passage. In this post, I'll do the following: Explain add/delete questions. Teach you the basic constructions of add/delete questions. Provide example questions. Give you strategies and a step-by-step approach for answering this type of question. General Construction of Add/Delete Questions Being able to quickly identify an add/delete question on the ACT will be helpful in determining how to go about finding the answer. Here are the constructions for the different types of add/delete questions you will encounter on the ACT English section. Add Questions This is the general construction of an add question: At this point in the essay, the author is considering inserting the following sentence: Should this sentence be inserted? A. Yes, because... B. Yes, because... C. No, because... D. No, because... Add questions are two part questions. First, you have to determine if the sentence should be added and if it logically fits at that point in the passage. Then, you have to identify the reasoning for why the sentence should or shouldn't be added. Now, let's take a look at the general constructions of delete questions. Delete Questions There are two primary types of delete questions. Type #1: Kept or Deleted This is the construction of the first type: At this point, the author is considering deleting the following sentence: Should this be kept or deleted? A. Kept, because... B. Kept, because... C. Deleted, because... D. Deleted, because... These are also two part questions.You have to determine if a sentence or phrase is relevant at that point in the passage. If it's not relevant, then it should be deleted; it has to be necessary in the context of the passage. Next, you have to determine why it should be kept or deleted. Additonally, there is another type of delete question. Type #2: Primarily Lose This is the general construction of the second type of delete question: The writer is considering deleting the phrase or sentence...If the phrase or sentence was deleted, the sentence or essay would primarily lose: For these questions, you have to analyze the purpose of a phrase in a sentence or the purpose of a sentence in a passage to determine what thesentence or phrase provides to the passage. Follow these steps to right answers! Strategies for Add/Delete Questions After you identify an add or delete question, you need to know the strategies and steps for correctly answering the question. First we'll go over how to tackle add questions. Add Questions The following excerpt is taken from the last paragraph of a passage about fixing raptor feathers: 75. At this point, the writer is considering adding the following true statement: The imping procedure is just one of the many responsibilities bird rehabilitators have. Should the writer make this addition here? Yes, because it reveals the relative importance of imping compared to the other work of bird rehabilitators. Yes, because it reinforces the idea that imping is of great benefit to raptors. No, because it goes beyond the scope of the essay, which focuses on how the feathers of certain types of birds are repaired. No, because it undermines the essay's earlier claim that imping is the most important work that bird rehabilitators do. #1: Analyze the Added Sentence to See What It's Doing The excerpt that I gave you describes the imping procedure. Earlier in the passage, the definition of imping is given: The added sentence is discussing the activities of bird rehabilitators more generally. It's placing the focus on bird rehabilitators and what they do. #2: Refer Back to the Passage to See if the Sentence Should Be Added Given Where It Would Be Placed The added sentence mustbe relevant in context. For our example, thesentence should be related to imping. For ACT English passages, you can typically determine main ideas with the title, and, if necessary, the first couple of sentences of the passage. For our example, the title is Fixing Raptor Feathers. Here are the first couple of sentences: Raptors, or birds of prey, cannot afford to begrounded for weeks waiting for a large number offlight feathers to regrow. They must be able to fly ifthey are to hunt and eat. Based on just the title and the first couple of sentences, we can determine that the focus of the passage is on fixing raptor feathers. Therefore, the sentence would not be an appropriate conclusion because the passage is not focusing on bird rehabilitators or their responsibilities but on the importance and process of fixing raptor feathers. #3: Answer the Yes or No Question First Because the sentence would not logically fit in the context of the passage, we can determine that the answer is no. #4: Eliminate the Two "Yes" Answer Choices or the Two "No" Answer Choices Since we have determined that the sentence should not be added, we can eliminate answer choices A and B. #5: Provide the Reasoning in Your Own Words In my own words, I would say that the sentence should not be added because the passage focuses on fixing raptor feathers, not on the responsibilities of bird rehabilitators. #6: Pick the Answer Choice that Most Closely Matches Your Reasoning Answer choice D is wrong because nowhere in the passage does the essay claim that imping is the most important job of bird rehabilitators. Even though it's possible that imping is the most important job of bird rehabilitators, you can't assume that's true unless it's directly stated or inferred from what's written in the passage. Answer choice C is the onethat most closely matches our reasoning. The added sentence would be outside the scope of the essay because the essay's focus is on fixing raptor feathers. Delete Questions Now that we've covered add questions, let's go through how to answer the two types of delete questions. Type #1: Kept or Deleted The following excerpt is from the first paragraph of a passage on a potter's kiln: #1: Determine the Purpose of the Deleted Portion You have to figure out why the phrase or sentence is included at that point in the passage. What's it doing there? In our example question, the phrase "and transform glazes to glorious colors" provides more information about what a kiln does. #2: Refer Back to the Passage to Determine if the Deleted Portion Is Necessary Given Its Context and the Passage's Focus For our example, we have to determine if providing more detail about the purpose of a kiln is relevant to the essay's focus. Once again, let's look at the title to determine the main idea. The title of this passage is The Potter's Kiln. Providing more information about the purpose of a kiln is indeed relevant to the essay's focus. #3: Answer the Kept or Deleted Question First Because the phrase provides a relevant detail about the passage's focus, the phrase should be kept. #4: Eliminate the Two Kept or Deleted Answer Choices We can eliminate choices C and D because we have determined that the phrase should be kept. #5: Provide the Reasoning in Your Own Words I would say that the phrase should be kept because it provides descriptive information about kilns, the topic of the passage. #6: Select the Answer Choice that Most Closely Matches Your Reasoning Answer choice A is wrong because the phrase has nothing to do with the time-consuming process of painting pottery. The phrase simply mentions that a kiln can transform glazes to glorious colors. Answer choice B is closest to our reasoning. If you follow these steps and comprehend the meaning and function of the deleted portion, you should be able to arrive at the correct answer relatively quickly. Now, here is the process for answering the second type of delete question. Type #2: Primarily Lose Take a look at this actual ACT "primarily lose" question: #1: Determine the Purpose of the Deleted Portion To determine the purpose of the deleted portion, first look at the sentence without the deleted phrases. The sentence would read, "By contrast American society has often been described as one that values youth over age." In that sentence, the contrast is different and less descriptive. Therefore, the phrases make the contrast more descriptive and specific. #2: State What Would Be Lost In Your Own Words We can say that the sentence would be less descriptive and have a different contrast if the phrases were deleted. #3: Eliminate Wrong Answer Choices The correct answer must state the purpose of the phrases. Incorrect answers can sound logical, but they will not match the function of the phrases in the specific sentence. Only consider the specific portion that would be deleted. Answer choice "F" is wrong. The phrases "the vibrant energy of" and "the wisdom and experience gained with" do not show a personal or reflective tone. That's not their purpose in the sentence and there's nothing about those specific phrases that indicates a personal or reflective tone. Answer choice G is wrong. I think we can all admit that there is nothing inherently funny about those phrases. Answer choice J is wrong. Nowhere in the sentence does the author indicate a preference. The phrases are both positive. #4: Select the Answer that Most Closely Matches Your Own Answer choice H is correct. The phrases are details that illustrate the contrast. American society does not just value youth over age, but American society values the vibrant energy of youth over the wisdom and experience gained with age. Let's reviewsome general tips to help you with all add/delete questions. Quick Review: General Strategies Follow this advice when answering add/delete questions. #1: Determine the Purpose of What Is Added or Deleted In order to answer any add/delete question, you need to figure out what purpose theaddition or deletion serves in the sentence. The "primarily lose" questions are directly asking you to determine the purpose of a phrase or sentence. #2: Refer Back to the Passage to Help Determine the Context of Added or Deleted Portions and if Added or Deleted Portions Logically Fit Any added sentence should logically follow the previous sentence and connect to the following sentence. Itshould also be relevant to the focus of the paragraph or passage. A phrase should be deleted if it's not relevant to the purpose of a sentence. A sentence should be deleted if it falls outside the scope of the essay or doesn't logically follow the previous sentence. For delete questions, another good strategy is looking at the sentence or paragraph without the portion the question is asking about. Then, you can more easily determine if deleting that portion would be appropriate. #3: For Two Part Questions, Answer the First Part First For add questions, answer the "yes" or "no" question first. For delete questions, answer the "kept" or "deleted" question first. #4: Eliminate Wrong Answer Choices For two part questions, you can immediately eliminate the two answer choices that don't match your answer to the first part of the question. For "primarily lose" questions, eliminate the choices that don't match the purpose of the phrase or sentence. #5: State Your Reasoning in Your Own Words For all add/delete questions, state why something should be added or deleted ordetermine what would be lost in your own words, before looking at the answer choices. #6: Select the Answer Choice That Most Closely Matches Your Reasoning Ideally, you will see an answer choice that is almost identical to your reasoning. That should be your right answer. If there's no answer choice that matches your reasoning, work backwards to identify the correct answer. Start with a possible answer choice and determine if it correctly answers the question. Or, if time permits, review the question again to make sure you didn't make a mistake. What's Next? Make sure you're comfortable with all of the different types of rhetorical skills questions that appear on the ACT English section. Some examples of these types of questions include macro-logic, relevance, and author main goal. Are you making one of the 8 most common mistakes? Learn how to avoid them with this post. Rhetorical skills like Add/Delete questions are harder if you don't understand the big picture. Make sure you know the best way to approach the passage. Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this English lesson, you'll love our program.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands ofpractice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial:

Managing Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Managing Finance - Essay Example It could also be defined as a financial a and quantitative statement prepared and approved prior to a defined period of time of the policies to be pursed during those periods. Beyond Budgeting (BB) is an alternative that is more adaptive and devolved. It replaces the budgeting model with a more adaptive and devolved alternative. Criticizing budgets is not new. But to define a set of principles, that guides leaders towards a new management model, that is lean, adaptive and ethical, is (Robin Fraser, Jeremy Hope). A budget is a too static instrument and locks managers into the past - into something they thought last year that it was right. To be effective in a global economy with rapidly shifting market conditions and quick and nimble competitors, organization have to be able to adapt constantly their priorities and have to put their resources where they can create most value for customers and shareholders(Juergen H. Daum). In order to do that, they need the right concepts, management processes and tools, concepts such as the Beyond Budgeting Management Model. The introduction of new management instruments such as the Balanced Scorecard, which help to better align the entire organization with corporate strategic objectives and to focus it on the essentials, has created the right foundation. Because if corporate strategy and the objectives are clear for all people in an organization, one can principally react faster to changing market conditions. But then the fixed budget comes into their way and prevents them from really doing the right things. Though what is often missing is a more flexible operational planning and control model. The Beyond Budgeting model wants to fill exactly this gap. NEEDS FOR BEYOND BUDGETING The management system's task is to institutionalize decisions through management processes on strategy adjustments, but also on adjustments of operational enterprise activities and resource utilization plans. This should enable the enterprise to continually control and optimize its short and long-term success in a dynamically changing enterprise environment. TECHNIQUES The goal setting technique: It should be based on agreeing external benchmark based targets, not on negotiating fixed targets. This is focusing mangers on beating the competition and not on meeting the budget. If the market goes up, a manager is still challenged to do better than competitors. The motivation and rewards technique: It should be based on recognizing and rewarding team-based success. Today, no single person can act alone in achieving specific targets for an organization. To reward people individually for reaching specific targets will create tension and mistrust in the organization, which is a recipe for bad performance. The strategy and action planning technique: It should be devolved to operating mangers and made continuous. It should not be managed centrally as an annual event. Only this way a company is able to use the know how from the people at the customer front to adapt fast and constantly to changing market needs. The resource utilization technique: It should be based on local access to resources (within agreed parameters), not on the basis on allocating them through annual budgets. Only this way frontline managers are able to act fast in front of threats and to

Sebastiao salgado genesi exbition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sebastiao salgado genesi exbition - Essay Example To begin with, I would like to note that I was impressed by the black and white photographs that were presented in the exhibition. Just like other critics, I am strongly convinced that monochrome pictures allow our imagination attribute colours which makes them even more picturesque. Looking at those photographs, I imagined how interesting it was to actually be in those places and experience of the beauties of our planet first hand. To put it short, I was deeply moved by the message that was conveyed by the photographs: we should protect our Earth since it holds so many treasures. I would also like to dwell on recognition of the talent of the person in question. Some people might suggest that photography should not be regarded as a genuine art. Contrary to them, it is my strong belief that this is one of the most prominent modern arts that is able to capture one particular aspect of the world and present it in a rather moving way. It would not be a mistake to suggest that the photographs by Salgado altered in some way the objective description of the world. However, it is this lack of objectivity that urges people to take a look at the global issues from a new perspective. Genesis is logical continuation of work of this arts: prior to it he made similar projects about workers and migrants ("Sebastià £o Salgado. GENESIS"). In other words, one might suggest that Salgado is particularly interested in presenting the broad picture of the issue to the public. In addition to that, the artist wants to grasp the natural state of things in order to how had fragile they might be ("Sebastià £o Salgado: Genesis"). Every picture in the exhibition suggests that it is quite easy to lose the world as we know it. As one can easily understand, Sebastià £o Salgado is one of those individuals how was blessed by a broader outlook and a particular talent which makes him a great

Study on the Determinants of Financial Derivatives

Study on the Determinants of Financial Derivatives Introduction Our research article is Determinants of Financial Derivatives. Before moving towards the definition of main purpose and significance of our research article, we want to give a brief introduction of the core keywords of our research article which are Financial Derivatives. 1.1. Introduction A derivative is a financial instrument (or more simply, an agreement between two people/two parties) that has a value determined by the future price of something else. Derivatives can be thought of as bets on the price of something. Suppose you bet with your friend on the price of a bushel of corn. If the price in one year is less than $3 your friend pays you $1. If the price is more than $3 you pay your friend $1. Thus, the underlying in the agreement is the price of corn and the value of the agreement to you depends on that underlying.[1] So derivatives are the collective name used for a broad class of financial instruments that derive their value from other financial instruments (known as the underlying), events or conditions. Essentially, a derivative is a contract between two parties where the value of the contract is linked to the price of another financial instrument or by a specified event or condition. Derivatives are usually broadly categorized by the: Relationship between the underlying and the derivative (e.g. forward, option, swap) Type of underlying (e.g. equity derivatives, foreign exchange derivatives, interest rate derivatives, commodity derivatives or credit derivatives) Market in which they trade (e.g., exchange traded or over-the-counter) Pay-off profile (Some derivatives have non-linear payoff diagrams due to embedded optionality) Another arbitrary distinction is between: Vanilla derivatives (simple and more common) and Exotic derivatives (more complicated and specialized) There is no definitive rule for distinguishing one from the other, so the distinction is mostly a matter of custom. Derivatives are used by investors to Provide leverage or gearing, such that a small movement in the underlying value can cause a large difference in the value of the derivative Speculate and to make a profit if the value of the underlying asset moves the way they expect (e.g. moves in a given direction, stays in or out of a specified range, reaches a certain level) Hedge or mitigate risk in the underlying, by entering into a derivative contract whose value moves in the opposite direction to their underlying position and cancels part or all of it out Obtain exposure to underlying where it is not possible to trade in the underlying (e.g. weather derivatives) Create optionability where the value of the derivative is linked to a specific condition or event (e.g. the underlying reaching a specific price level) Uses Hedging Hedging is a technique that attempts to reduce risk. In this respect, derivatives can be considered a form of insurance. Derivatives allow risk about the price of the underlying asset to be transferred from one party to another. For example, a wheat farmer and a miller could sign a futures contract to exchange a specified amount of cash for a specified amount of wheat in the future. Both parties have reduced a future risk: for the wheat farmer, the uncertainty of the price, and for the miller, the availability of wheat. However, there is still the risk that no wheat will be available because of events unspecified by the contract, like the weather, or that one party will renege on the contract. Although a third party, called a clearing house, insures a futures contract, not all derivatives are insured against counter-party risk. From another perspective, the farmer and the miller both reduce a risk and acquire a risk when they sign the futures contract: The farmer reduces the risk that the price of wheat will fall below the price specified in the contract and acquires the risk that the price of wheat will rise above the price specified in the contract (thereby losing additional income that he could have earned). The miller, on the other hand, acquires the risk that the price of wheat will fall below the price specified in the contract (thereby paying more in the future than he otherwise would) and reduces the risk that the price of wheat will rise above the price specified in the contract. In this sense, one party is the insurer (risk taker) for one type of risk, and the counter-party is the insurer (risk taker) for another type of risk. Hedging also occurs when an individual or institution buys an asset (like a commodity, a bond that has coupon payments, a stock that pays dividends, and so on) and sells it using a futures contract. The individual or institution has access to the asset for a specified amount of time, and then can sell it in the future at a specified price according to the futures contract. Of course, this allows the individual or institution the benefit of holding the asset while reducing the risk that the future selling price will deviate unexpectedly from the markets current assessment of the future value of the asset. Derivatives traded at the Chicago Board of Trade. Derivatives serve a legitimate business purpose. For example, a corporation borrows a large sum of money at a specific interest rate.[2] The rate of interest on the loan resets every six months. The corporation is concerned that the rate of interest may be much higher in six months. The corporation could buy a forward rate agreement (FRA). A forward rate agreement is a contract to pay a fixed rate of interest six months after purchases on a notional sum of money.[3] If the interest rate after six months is above the contract rate the seller pays the difference to the corporation, or FRA buyer. If the rate is lower the corporation would pay the difference to the seller. The purchase of the FRA would serve to reduce the uncertainty concerning the rate increase and stabilize earnings. Speculation and arbitrage Derivatives can be used to acquire risk, rather than to insure or hedge against risk. Thus, some individuals and institutions will enter into a derivative contract to speculate on the value of the underlying asset, betting that the party seeking insurance will be wrong about the future value of the underlying asset. Speculators will want to be able to buy an asset in the future at a low price according to a derivative contract when the future market price is high, or to sell an asset in the future at a high price according to a derivative contract when the future market price is low. Individuals and institutions may also look for arbitrage opportunities, as when the current buying price of an asset falls below the price specified in a futures contract to sell the asset. Speculative trading in derivatives gained a great deal of notoriety in 1995 when Nick Leeson, a trader at Barings Bank, made poor and unauthorized investments in futures contracts. Through a combination of poor judgment, lack of oversight by the banks management and by regulators, and unfortunate events like the Kobe earthquake, Leeson incurred a $1.3 billion loss that bankrupted the centuries-old institution. Types of derivatives OTC and Exchange-traded Broadly speaking there are two distinct groups of derivative contracts, which are distinguished by the way they are traded in the market: Over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives are contracts that are traded (and privately negotiated) directly between two parties, without going through an exchange or other intermediary. Products such as swaps, forward rate agreements, and exotic options are almost always traded in this way. The OTC derivative market is the largest market for derivatives, and is largely unregulated with respect to disclosure of information between the parties, since the OTC market is made up of banks and other highly sophisticated parties, such as hedge funds. Reporting of OTC amounts are difficult because trades can occur in private, without activity being visible on any exchange. According to the Bank for International Settlements, the total outstanding notional amount is $684 trillion (as of June 2008).[5] Of this total notional amount, 67% are interest rate contracts, 8% are credit default swaps (CDS), 9% are foreign exchange contracts, 2% are commodity contracts, 1% are equity contracts, and 12% are oth er. Because OTC derivatives are not traded on an exchange, there is no central counter-party. Therefore, they are subject to counter-party risk, like an ordinary contract, since each counter-party relies on the other to perform. Exchange-traded derivative contracts (ETD) are those derivatives instruments that are traded via specialized derivatives exchanges or other exchanges. A derivatives exchange is a market where individuals trade standardized contracts that have been defined by the exchange. A derivatives exchange acts as an intermediary to all related transactions, and takes Initial margin from both sides of the trade to act as a guarantee. The worlds largest derivatives exchanges (by number of transactions) are the Korea Exchange (which lists KOSPI Index Futures Options), Eurex (which lists a wide range of European products such as interest rate index products), and CME Group (made up of the 2007 merger of the Chicago Mercantile Exchange and the Chicago Board of Trade and the 2008 acquisition of the New York Mercantile Exchange). According to BIS, the Scombined turnover in the worlds derivatives exchanges totaled USD 344 trillion during Q4 2005. Some types of derivative instruments also may trade on traditional exchanges. For instance, hybrid instruments such as convertible bonds and/or convertible preferred may be listed on stock or bond exchanges. Also, warrants (or rights) may be listed on equity exchanges. Performance Rights, Cash xPRTs and various other instruments that essentially consist of a complex set of options bundled into a simple package are routinely listed on equity exchanges. Like other derivatives, these publicly traded derivatives provide investors access to risk/reward and volatility characteristics that, while related to an underlying commodity, nonetheless are distinctive. Common derivative contract types There are three major classes of derivatives: Futures/Forwards are contracts to buy or sell an asset on or before a future date at a price specified today? A futures contract differs from a forward contract in that the futures contract is a standardized contract written by a clearing house that operates an exchange where the contract can be bought and sold, while a forward contract is a non-standardized contract written by the parties themselves. Options are contracts that give the owner the right, but not the obligation, to buy (in the case of a call option) or sell (in the case of a put option) an asset. The price at which the sale takes place is known as the strike price, and is specified at the time the parties enter into the option. The option contract also specifies a maturity date. In the case of a European option, the owner has the right to require the sale to take place on (but not before) the maturity date; in the case of an American option, the owner can require the sale to take place at any time up to the maturity date. If the owner of the contract exercises this right, the counter-party has the obligation to carry out the transaction. Swaps are contracts to exchange cash (flows) on or before a specified future date based on the underlying value of currencies/exchange rates, bonds/interest rates, commodities, stocks or other assets. More complex derivatives can be created by combining the elements of these basic types. For example, the holder of a swaption has the right, but not the obligation, to enter into a swap on or before a specified future date. 1.2. PROBLEM STATEMENT: The problem statement on which we are doing research is as follows: What are the Determinants that define the activities towards Financial Derivatives? 1.3. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY: The main objective of our research is that which one of this independent variable like Risk, Yield Spread etc affects the financial derivatives the most or which one of the following indicates the most involvement in financial derivative. 1.4. Limitations:- There are few limitations which are as under. The data which we are considering is only from Islamabad stock exchange. Out of numerous variables we have selected only four. 1.5. Plan:- Rest of the thesis is organized as fallows. In chapter II we have produced a literature review. In chapter III Data is collected and statistical tools are applied. In chapter IV the results are interpreted. In chapter V conclusions and recommendations are given. Chapter II Literature Review Credit derivatives and risk aversion in this article author discuss the valuation of credit derivatives in extreme regimes such as when the time-to-maturity is short, or when payoff is contingent upon a large number of defaults, as with senior trenches of collateralized debt obligations. In these cases, risk aversion may play an important role, especially when there is little liquidity, and utility-indifference valuation may apply. Specifically, we analyze how short-term yield spreads from default able bonds in a structural model may be raised due to investor risk aversion. Using derivatives to manage risk this Refers to some well-publicized failures with derivatives, and seeks explanations for these problems; points to the role of the US treasury department as a profit centre, and presents a three-phase risk management framework for the successful use of derivatives risk identification/determination of the desired risk profile, implementation (to include factors such as the role of the board in the co-ordination of resources), evaluation/feedback. Shows how three celebrated cases of derivatives fiasco failed in respect of various aspects of this framework (these being Gibson Greetings, Procter Gamble and Metallgesellschaft AG). Petersen and Thiagarajan (2000) Estimates and compares the risk exposure of two firms operating in the gold mining industry. Suggests that the difference between the two firms lies in the risks that they choose to manage and the tools that they use. It presents an extensive analysis of the building blocks underlying the effects of risk management including operating cash flows, taxable income, investment opportunities and equity risk exposure. Shows how one uses adjustments to the quality of ore extracted as a partial hedge against gold price fluctuations, whilst the other uses derivatives to reduce the fluctuations in its revenues and therefore operating cash flows. Comments on the incentives for risk reduction and their effect on the management of gold price risk, noting that compensation strategies can lead to differing managerial objectives. Argues that the use of alternative forms of risk management is a conscious choice by firms and that the use of derivatives should be seen ag ainst the alternative tools available. Alister and Mansfield (1980) states that Derivatives have been an expanding and controversial feature of the financial markets since the late 1980s. They are used by a wide range of manufacturers and investors to manage risk. This paper analyses the role and potential of financial derivatives investment property portfolio management. The limitations and problems of direct investment in commercial property are briefly discussed and the main principles and types of derivatives are analysed and explained. The potential of financial derivatives to mitigate many of the problems associated with direct property investment is examined. The management of foreign currency risk: derivatives use and the natural hedge of geographic diversification Summer 1999 Notes the lack of evidence of large companies use of foreign exchange derivatives (FXDs), related to the geographical diversification natural hedge, an alternative method of avoiding risk. Builds a model of company behavior, sampling 309 US companies by industry, including FXD, foreign sales, a sales-based Herfindahl index, and market value. Finds a significant and positive relationship between the use of FXDs and the level of foreign exchange exposure; and a negative relationship between geographic dispersion and FXD. Shows that there are economies of scale in FXD use, and that the findings are robust to industry membership and geographic diversification. Emory presents evidence consistent with managers using derivatives and discretionary accruals as partial substitutes for smoothing earnings. Using 1994-1996 data for a sample of Fortune5 00 firms, I estimate a set of simultaneous equations that captures managers incentives to maintain a desired level of earnings volatility through hedging and accrual management. These incentives include increasing managerial compensation and wealth, reducing corporate income taxes and debt financing costs, avoiding underinvestment and earnings surprises, and mitigating volatility caused by low diversification. After controlling for such incentives, I find a significant negative association between derivatives notional amounts and proxies for the magnitude of discretionary accruals. Gay and Nam analyzed the underinvestment problem as a determinant of corporate hedging policy. We find evidence of a positive relation between a firms derivatives use and its growth opportunities, as proxied by several alternative measures. For firms with enhanced investment opportunities, derivatives use is greater when they also have relatively low cash stocks. Firms whose investment expenditures are positively correlated with internal cash flows tend to have smaller derivatives positions, which suggest potential natural hedges. Our findings support the argument that firms derivatives use may partly be driven by the need to avoid potential underinvestment problems. Patil (2008) states that the Reserve Bank of Indias Working Group on Rupee Derivatives has, interalia, recommended introduction of exchange traded derivatives to supplement OTC derivatives. But before we introduce exchange traded interest rates futures it is necessary to be fully aware of the ground realities. The basic issue is the healthy development of the market and abolition of the regulations that artificially protect the interests of a set of intermediaries whose role and functions have got significantly reduced with massive induction of IT applications into the capital and financial markets. Regulatory reforms should facilitate continuous reduction in transaction costs and up gradation of transactional efficiency across different segments of the market. A regulatory regime that ends up protecting the role of certain players merely because they played a useful role in the past in the development of some segments of the markets would be doing a disservice Hentschel and Kothari makes Public discussion about corporate use of derivatives focuses on whether firms use derivatives to reduce or increase firm risk. In contrast, empirical academic studies of corporate derivatives use take it for granted that firms hedge with derivatives. Using data from financial statements of 425 large U.S. corporations, we investigate whether firms systematically reduce or increase their riskiness with derivatives. We find that many firms manage their exposures with large derivatives positions. Nonetheless, compared to firms that do not use financial derivatives, firms that use derivatives display few, if any, measurable differences in risk that are associated with the use of derivatives. Brinson, Randolph Hood and Beebower (1986), states that in order to delineate investment responsibility and measure performance contribution, pension plan sponsors and investment managers need a clear and relevant method of attributing returns to those activities that compose the investment management process- investment policy, market timing and security selection. The authors provide a simple framework based on a passive, benchmark portfolio representing the plans long-term asset classes, weighted by their long-term allocations. Returns on this investment policy portfolio are compared with the actual returns resulting from the combination of investment policy plus market timing (over or underweighting asset classes relative to the plan benchmark) and security selection (active selection within an asset class). Data from 91 large U.S. pension plans over the 1974-83 period indicate that investment policy dominates investment strategy (market timing and security selection), explaining on average 93.6 per cent of the variation in total plan return. The actual mean average total return on the portfolio over the period was 9.01 per cent, versus 10.11 per cent for the benchmark portfolio. Active management cost the average plan 1.10 per cent per year, although its effects on individual plans varied greatly, adding as much as 3.69 per cent per year. Although investment strategy can result in significant returns, these are dwarfed by the return contribution from investment policy-the selection of asset classes and their normal weights. Markides (1995) concluded that there is increasing evidence (especially in the business press) that over the past decade, many U.S. corporations have restructured. For example, Lewis (1990: 43) estimates that nearly half of large U.S. corporations have restructured in the 1980s. Similarly, a special report on corporate restructuring published in the Wall Street Journal (1985: 1) found that out of the 850 of North Americas largest corporations, 398 (47%) of them restructured. A major problem with many of these studies on restructuring is that they do not define exactly what is meant by restructuring. Corporate actions such as share repurchasing, refocusing, alliances, consolidations and leveraged recapitalizations can all fall under the general term restructuring; therefore, a researcher needs to look at these forms of restructuring separately if any generalizations are to be made. In this study, we focus on one specific type of restructuring, namely corporate refocusing. By this we m ean the voluntary or involuntary reduction in the diversification of U.S. firms-usually, but not necessarily, achieved through major divestitures-what Bhagat, Shleifer, and Vishny (1990) call the return to corporate specialization. We focus on this type of restructuring because according to the existing evidence it is by far the most common and most beneficial form of restructuring undertaken by firms (e.g., Lewis, 1990; Wall Street Journal, 1985). According to existing evidence, a significant proportion of major diversified firms in the U.S. have reduced their diversification in the 1980s by refocusing on their core businesses (for statistical evidence, see Lichtenberg, 1990; Mark- ides, 1990; Porter, 1987; Williams, Paez and Sanders, 1988). For example, Markides (1993) reported that at least 20 percent and as many as 50 percent of the Fortune 500 firms refocused in the period 1981-87. He also found that refocusing is a 1980s phenomenon: using the Rumelt (1974) strategic categories of diversification, he reported that whereas only 1 percent of the Fortune 500 firms were refocusing in the 1960s, more than 20 percent were doing so in the 1980s. Other studies have shown that these refocusing firms are characteriz ed by high diversification and poor profitability relative to their industry counter- parts, and that refocusing is associated ex-ante with improved stockmarket value (e.g., Comment and Jarrell, 1991; Markides, 1992a,b; Montgom- ery and Wilson, 1986). Yet, as Shleifer and Vishny (1991: 54) argue, there is very little ex- post evidence that refocusing is associated with profitability improvements. Doukas and Lang In this study they present evidence that geographic diversification increases shareholder value and improves long-term performance when firms engage in core-related foreign direct (greenfield) investments. Non-core-related foreign investments are found to be associated with both short-term and long-term losses. Our results suggest that the synergy gains stemming from the internalization of markets are rooted in the core business of the firm. Geographic diversification outside the core business of the firm bears strongly against the prediction of the internalization hypothesis. The analysis also shows that, regardless of the industrial structure of the firm (that is, number of segments), foreign direct investments outside the core business of the firm are associated with a loss in shareholder value, whereas core-related (focused) foreign direct investments are found to be value increasing. Unrelated international diversification, however, is less harmful for diversifie d (multi- segment) than specialized (single-segment) firms. The larger gains to diversified firms suggest that operational and internal capital market efficiency gains are considerably greater in multi-segment than single-segment firms when both expand their core business overseas. James and Finkelshtain (1965) said the effects of multivariate risk are examined in a model of portfolio choice. The conditions under which portfolio choices are separable from consumption decisions are derived. Unless the appropriate restrictions hold on investors preferences or on the probability distribution of risks, the optimal portfolio is affected by other risks. This requires generalizing the usual measures of risk aversion. With one risky asset, matrix measures of risk aversion are used to generalize the results of Arrow (1965) and Pratt (1964) concerning the effects of risk aversion and wealth on the optimal portfolio. With two risky assets, the choices made by two investors coincide if and only if their generalized risk-aversion measures are identical. Rosss notion of stronger risk aversion is then used to characterize the effect of risk aversion on the level of investment in the riskier asset. Browne (2000) tells us that Active portfolio management is concerned with objectives related to the out performance of the return of a target benchmark portfolio. In this paper, we consider a dynamic active portfolio management problem where the objective is related to the tradeoff between the achievement of performance goals and the risk of a shortfall. Specifically, we consider an objective that relates the probability of achieving a given performance objective to the time it takes to achieve the objective. This allows a new direct quantitative analysis of the risk/return tradeoff, with risk defined directly in terms of probability of shortfall relative to the bench- mark, and return defined in terms of the expected time to reach investment goals relative to the benchmark. The resulting optimal policy is a state-dependent policy that provides new insights. As a special case, our analysis includes the case where the investor wants to minimize the expected time until a given performa nce goal is reached subject to a constraint on the shortfall probability. On the basis of this literature review we have developed the following Theoretical framework. 2.2. THEORATICAL FRAMEWORK: The importance of: Risk_ Response Index Yield Spread_ Response Index Liquidity_ Response Index Geographical Diversification_ Response Index Financial Derivatives (Swap, Option, Future and Forward Contracts) For 2.3 Hypothesis: H0:  µ H1:  µ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 3.5 If the mean respondent is 3.5 or above it means the factor is important because at the rating scale 1 is for strongly disagree and 5 is for strongly agree. Chapter III Data and Methodology 3.1. NATURE OF STUDY: This study was descriptive in nature and will describe the Risk, Yield spread, Liquidity, Geographical diversification in the term of determinants of Financial Derivatives. The study setting for this study is non-contrived in nature i.e. it was conducted in the normal work place and routine working conditions. 3.2. PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION: Data for this study was collected from the participants of the Islamabad Stock Exchange. These people were working or participating in the stock exchange where the people had knowledge about risk, yield spread, liquidity and geographical diversification. That is why; it was easier for us to conduct our research in Islamabad Stock Exchange to conclude our results that which one of the following factors like risk, yield spread, liquidity, and geographical diversification shows the maximum involvement in the determining of financial derivatives. 3.3. RESPONDENTS OF RESEARCH: Data were collected from 100 participants. Participants were asked to fill the questionnaire which was helpful to lead us towards the result and conclusion of our research. All participants were asked to write down on the questionnaire their gender and age. 3.4. RESEARCH INSTRUMENT: Questionnaire is an efficient data collection mechanism where we know exactly what is required and measures the variables of interest. Questionnaires were made with enough number of questions covering all the related areas. This helped us to conclude our result by measuring the affect of determinants on financial derivatives. Questionnaires were personally handed over to the participants by us. All surveys were completed during working hours. Respondents were guaranteed that their data would remain confidential. Respondents were instructed to indicate their opinions about the questions to rate on a Likert Scale. This scale was designed to examine how strongly respondents agree or disagree with statements on a 5-points scale with the following anchors; 3.5. DATA INTERPRETATION: Statistical tools were used for the interpretation of data. These tools included t-test, correlation and descriptive statistics to find the involvement of independent variables in determining the financial derivatives. In other words, statistical tool of correlation were applied to interpret the relationship between the indexes of independent variables and t-test was used to determine the involvement of independent variable in determining the financial derivatives. The total data was divided into two halves: Participants Below median age (39 and below) Participants above median age (above 39) We have applied sample mean test at  µ=3.5. Chapter IV Findings R1: Risky nature of instrument is not a matter of concern for me. R2: Since high risk means high return therefore I will shift to the risky securities. R3: Would you shift from one stock to another to reduce risk at the cost of return? R4: It is feasible to add a percentage of low risk securities to a portfolio. L1: Is a highly liquid security attractive to an investor L2: The stocks in which you trade are relatively liquid which attracts you towards them. L3: Liquidity reflects the performance of a firm therefore for diversification it is important Y1: Yield spread helps the investor to determine which security would be the better investment. Y2: Change in demand supply of the securities effect the yield spread change therefore I shift towards low yield spread. Y3: The market is forecasting a greater risk of default which implies a slowing economy (narrowing of spreads between bonds of different risk ratings) G1: Geographical diversification increases the potential return on your investment / portfolio. G2: Geographical diversification allows combining a diversification across domestic and foreign securities. In case of G1, H0 is accepted it implies people do not conside